C programm to add two numbers

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,sum=0;
clrscr();
/*printf("1st number \n");
scanf("%d \n",&a);
printf("2nd number \n");
scanf("%d \n",&b);
sum=a+b;
printf("\n %d sum=",&sum); */
for(i=2;i<=10;i++)
printf("%d \n",i);
getch();
}

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Need of Manpower

• —Manpower Planning is a two-phased process because manpower planning not only analyses the current human resources but also makes manpower forecasts and thereby draw employment programs. Manpower Planning is advantageous to firm in following manner:
• —Shortages and surpluses can be identified so that quick action can be taken wherever required.
• —All the recruitment and selection programs are based on manpower planning.
• It also helps to reduce the labor cost as excess staff can be identified and thereby overstaffing can be avoided.
• —It also helps to identify the available talents in a concern and accordingly training programs can be chalked out to develop those talents. 
• —It helps in growth and diversification of business. Through manpower planning, human resources can be readily available and they can be utilized in best manner. 
• —It helps the organization to realize the importance of manpower management which ultimately helps in the stability of a concern.

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Importance of Manpower

Importance of Manpower

• —Key to managerial functions- Human resources help in the implementation of all these managerial activities. Therefore, staffing becomes a key to all managerial functions. 
• —Efficient utilization- Efficient management of personnel's becomes an important function in the industrialization world of today. Setting of large scale enterprises require management of large scale manpower. It can be effectively done through staffing function. 
• —Motivation- Staffing function not only includes putting right men on right job, but it also comprises of motivational programs, i.e., incentive plans to be framed for further participation and employment of employees in a concern. Therefore, all types of incentive plans becomes an integral part of staffing function.
• —Better human relations- A concern can stabilize itself if human relations develop and are strong. Human relations become strong trough effective control, clear communication, effective supervision and leadership in a concern. Staffing function also looks after training and development of the work force which leads to co-operation and better human relations. 
• —Higher productivity- Productivity level increases when resources are utilized in best possible manner. higher productivity is a result of minimum wastage of time, money, efforts and energies. This is possible through the staffing and it's related activities ( Performance appraisal, training and development, remuneration)

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Manpower Management

DEFINITION:-—

Manpower Planning which is also called as Human Resource Planning consists of putting right number of people, right kind of people at the right place, right time, doing the right things for which they are suited for the achievement of goals of the organization. Human Resource Planning has got an important place in the arena of industrialization. Human Resource Planning has to be a systems approach and is carried out in a set procedure. The procedure is as follows:

• —Analyzing the current manpower inventory
• —Making future manpower forecasts
• —Developing employment programmers
• —Design training programmers

Steps in Manpower

• —Analyzing the current manpower inventory- Before a manager makes forecast of future manpower, the current manpower status has to be analyzed. For this the following things have to be noted- 

1. —Type of organization 
2. —Number of departments 
3. —Number and quantity of such departments 
4. —Employees in these work units 

• Once these factors are registered by a manager, he goes for the future forecasting.

—Making future manpower forecasts- Once the factors affecting the future manpower forecasts are known, planning can be done for the future manpower requirements in several work 

—Expert Forecasts: This includes informal decisions, formal expert surveys and Delphi technique. 

—Trend Analysis: Manpower needs can be projected through extrapolation (projecting past trends), indexation (using base year as basis), and statistical analysis (central tendency measure).
—Work Load Analysis: It is dependent upon the nature of work load in a department, in a branch or in a division.
—Work Force Analysis: Whenever production and time period has to be analyzed, due allowances have to be made for getting net manpower requirements. 

—Other methods: Several Mathematical models, with the aid of computers are used to forecast manpower needs, like budget and planning analysis, regression, new venture analysis.

—Developing employment programmers- Once the current inventory is compared with future forecasts, the employment programmers can be framed and developed accordingly, which will include recruitment, selection procedures and placement plans. 

—Design training programmers- These will be based upon extent of diversification, expansion plans, development programmers, etc. Training programmers depend upon the extent of improvement in technology and advancement to take place. It is also done to improve upon the skills, capabilities, knowledge of the workers.

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Importance of Training

What is traning?

• Training focuses on specific job knowledge and skill that is to be applied in the short run. 

• Development focuses on broad knowledge and insights that may be required for adaptation to environmental demands in the future.

IMPORTANCE OF TRAINING.....

• Respond to technology changes affecting job requirements. 
• Respond to organizational restructuring. 
• Adapt to increased diversity of the workforce. 
• Support career development. Fulfill employee need for growth.

Types of Training

• Skills Training 
• Retraining 
• Cross-Functional 
• Team Training 
• Creativity Training 
• Literacy Training 
• Diversity Training 
• Customer Service

SKILLS TRAINING

Focus on job knowledge and skill for:

• Instructing new hires. 
• Overcoming performance deficits of the workforce. 

RETRAINING
Maintaining worker knowledge and skill as job requirements change due to:

• Technological innovation 
• Organizational restructuring

CROSS-FUNCTIONAL TRAINING

Training employees to perform a wider variety of tasks in order to gain:

• Flexibility in work scheduling. 
• Improved coordination. 

TEAM TRAINING

Training self-directed teams with regard to:

• Management skills. 
• Coordination skills. 
• Cross-functional skills.

CREATIVITY TRAINING
Using innovative learning techniques to enhance employee ability to spawn new ideas and new approaches.

LITERACY TRAINING
Improving basic skills of the workforce such as mathematics, reading, writing, and effective employee behaviors such as punctuality, responsibility, cooperation etc.

DIVERSITY TRAINING
Instituting a variety of programs to instill awareness, tolerance, respect, and acceptance of persons of different race, gender, etc. and different backgrounds.

CUSTOMER SERVICE TRAINING
Training to improve communication, better response to customer needs, and ways to enhance customer satisfaction.

Methods of training
1. Classroom Instruction
2.Video and Film
3.Computer Assisted Instruction
4.Computer Assisted Instruction with Video
5.Simulation/Vestibule
6.Off the job training

Classroom Instruction
PROS

• Efficient dissemination of large volume of information 
• Effective in explaining concepts, theories, and principles 
•  Provides opportunity for discussion. 

CONS 

• Learner does not control pace or content Does not consider individual differences. 
• Limited practice. 
• Limited feedback. 
• Limited transfer to job.

Video and Film
PROS

• Provides realism 
• Adds interest 
• Allows scheduling flexibility 
• Allows exposure to hazardous events 
• Allows distribution to multiple sites 

CONS

• Does not consider individual differences 
• Limited practice 
• Limited feedback 
• Limited transfer to job. 

Computer Assisted Instruction 

PROS 

• Efficient instruction 
• Considers individual differences 
• Allows scheduling flexibility 
• Allows active practice for some tasks 
• Allows learner control 
• Provides immediate feedback to tasks

CONS

• Limited in presenting theories and principles 
• Limited discussion 
• Transfer depends on particular job. (Good for computer work.) 
• High development cost (40-60 hours per hour of instruction at $100-$300 per hour.) 

ON THE JOB Training

PROS

• On-The-Job Training 
• Provides realism 
• Allows active practice 
• Provides immediate feedback 
• High motivation 
• High transfer to job

CONS

• Lowers training cost 
• Disruptions to operations 
• May damage equipment. 
• Inconsistent across departments 
• Inadequate focus on underlying principles 
• Lack of systematic feedback 
• Transfer of improper procedures 
• Trainee stress.

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Decision Making in Principle Of Management

    Rationality in decision making.

  

A method for systematically selecting among possible choices that is based on reason and facts. In a rational decision making process, a business manager will often employ a series of analytical steps to review relevant facts, observations and possible outcomes before choosing a particular course of action.

 Operational plan

An operational plan is one that a manager uses to accomplish his or her job responsibilities. Supervisors, team leaders, and facilitators develop operational plans to support tactical plans (see the next section). Operational plans can be a single‐use plan or an ongoing plan.

• Single‐use plans apply to activities that do not recur or repeat. A one‐time occurrence, such as a special sales program, is a single‐use plan because it deals with the who, what, where, how, and how much of an activity. A budget is also a single‐use plan because it predicts sources and amounts of income and how much they are used for a specific project.
• Continuing or ongoing plans are usually made once and retain their value over a period of years while undergoing periodic revisions and updates. The following are examples of ongoing plans:
• Policies-Policies are general statements that explain how a manager should attempt to handle routine management responsibilities.

·  A procedure is a set of step‐by‐step directions that explains how activities or tasks are to be carried out. Most organizations have procedures for purchasing supplies and equipment

·       RULE-:A rule is an explicit statement that tells an employee what he or she can and cannot do. Rules are “do” and “don't” statements put into place to promote the safety of employees and the uniform treatment and behavior of employees.

 

Tactical plans

A tactical plan is concerned with what the lower level units within each division must do, how they must do it, and who is in charge at each level. Tactics are the means needed to activate a strategy and make it work.

Tactical plans are concerned with shorter time frames and narrower scopes than are strategic plans. These plans usually span one year or less because they are considered short‐term goals. Long‐term goals, on the other hand, can take several years or more to accomplish. Normally, it is the middle manager's responsibility to take the broad strategic plan and identify specific tactical actions.

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DDA LINE ALGORITHM

DDA Line ( X1, Y1, XN, YN):
Description: Here X1 and Y1 denote the starting x – coordinate and y – coordinate of the line
and XN and YN denote the ending x – coordinate and y – coordinate.


1. Set M = (YN – Y1) / (XN – X1) [Calculate slope of line]
2. Repeat For I = X1 to XN
3. If (M <= 1) Then
4. Set DX = 1
5. Set DY = M * DX
6. Else
7. Set DY = 1
8. Set DX = DY / M
[End of If]
9. Set X1 = X1 + DX
10. Set Y1 = Y1 + DY
11. Call PutPixel(X1, Y1)
[End of For]
12. Exit

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Windows Control Panel

Windows Control Panel provides a location from which you can configure the functionality and appearance of your computer i.e. is a section of Microsoft Windows that enables a user to change various computer hardware and software features. Settings for the mouse, display,sound, network, and keyboard represent just a few examples of what may be modified in the Control Panel

How To Access the Control Panel

1.      Click Start.

2.      Click Settings, then Control Panel.

3.      If successful, you should have a window that resembles one of the following images.

Accessing Control Panel from the Windows command line (MS-DOS)

Use the control command to open the Control Panel as well as many of the Control Panel icons from the command line.

Tools/Components displayed in Windows Control Panel

The following table lists some of the more commonly used components/tools and their names, available in Windows Control Panel.

1.      Add or Remove Programs: The Add or Remove Programs applet is used to uninstall or change an installed program, view installed Windows Updates, or turn optional Windows features on or off, and to set default program accesses.

2.      Add Hardware:  The Add Hardware Control Panel applet starts the Add Hardware Wizard which is used to manually install devices which are not automatically recognized by Windows.

3.      Administrative Tools: The Administrative Tools Control Panel applet is basically a shortcut to a folder full of shortcuts to additional tools useful for system administrators and users needing to troubleshoot certain kinds of Windows problems.

4.      Network Connections: to configure firewall, wireless wizard, and set up a network

5.    Date/Time/Language- to set the calendar and keyboard 

6.    User Accounts- to create new accounts and control access through groups 

7.    Appearance and Themes- to configure display options, resolution, taskbar and menus, screen savers, and dual view for multiple monitors

8.    Ease of access : adjust computer settings for vision, hearing and mobility, and use speech recognition  to control computer for with voice commands

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